Definition:
A non-directive, empathetic approach that focuses on the client's personal growth, self-actualization, and self-directed change.
Founder:
Carl Rogers (1951)
Benefits:
Increases self-esteem, self-awareness, and self-acceptance; enhances personal growth and self-directed change.
Techniques:
- Active listening
- Empathetic reflection
- Non-directive questioning
- Unconditional positive regard
Evidence-Based Research:
Studies have consistently shown that client-centered therapy is effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and trauma (Rogers, 1951; Truax & Carkhuff, 1967).

Definition:
A goal-oriented, client-centered approach that aims to facilitate behavior change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.
Founder:
William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick (1991)
Benefits:
Increases motivation for behavior change; enhances self-efficacy and confidence; reduces ambivalence and resistance to change.
Techniques:
- Open-ended questioning
- Reflective listening
- Exploring ambivalence
- Developing discrepancy
- Rolling with resistance
Evidence-Based Research:
Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in treating various behavioral health conditions, including substance abuse, addiction, and health-related behaviors (Miller & Rollnick, 1991; Hettema et al., 2005).

Definition:
A goal-oriented, strengths-based approach that focuses on identifying and building solutions rather than dwelling on problems.
Founder:
Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg (1980s)
Benefits:
Increases hope and motivation; enhances problem-solving skills; reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Techniques:
- Identifying and amplifying exceptions
- Scaling questions
- Miracle question
- Goal-setting
- Solution-focused language
Evidence-Based Research:
Research has shown that solution-focused brief therapy is effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and trauma (De Shazer et al., 1986; Kim, 2008).

Definition:
A problem-focused, action-oriented approach that aims to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Founder:
Aaron T. Beck (1960s)
Benefits:
Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression; enhances coping skills and problem-solving abilities; improves self-esteem and self-confidence.
Techniques:
- Cognitive restructuring
- Exposure therapy
- Behavioral activation
- Mindfulness-based interventions
- Homework assignments
Evidence-Based Research:
Cognitive behavioral therapy has been extensively researched and proven effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Beck et al., 1977; Butler et al., 2017).

Definition:
A family systems theory that explains the interconnectedness of family members and their emotional relationships.
Founder:
Murray Bowen (1960s)
Benefits:
Increases understanding of family dynamics; enhances emotional regulation and differentiation; improves relationships and communication.
Techniques:
- Genogram analysis
- Family systems assessment
- Emotional coaching
- Differentiation exercises
- Triangular communication
Evidence-Based Research:
Research has shown that Bowen's Theory is effective in improving family relationships, reducing conflict, and increasing emotional well-being (Bowen, 1966; Kerr & Bowen, 1988).

Definition:
An integrative approach that incorporates Christian principles and values into the therapeutic process.
Founder:
Various Christian therapists and counselors
Benefits:
Increases spiritual growth and development; enhances sense of purpose and meaning; improves relationships and communication.
Techniques:
- Prayer and meditation
- Scripture-based interventions
- Spiritual assessment and exploration
- Christian-based cognitive restructuring
- Forgiveness and reconciliation exercises
Evidence-Based Research:
Research has shown that Christian-based interventions can be effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and trauma (Propst et al., 1992; Wade et al., 2014).

Definition:
A relationship education program that aims to equip couples with the skills and knowledge necessary to build a strong, healthy marriage.
Founder:
Dr. Les Parrott and Dr. Leslie Parrott (1995)
Benefits:
Enhances communication skills; increases emotional intelligence; reduces conflict and increases marital satisfaction (Parrott & Parrott, 1995; Markman et al., 2010).